The effect of rootstocks on sugars, acids, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and ethylene of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Horticulture, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran

2 Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh, Iran

3 Iran Citrus Research Institute, Ramsar, Iran

10.22034/ijpp.2019.670786

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on fruit sugars, organic acids, and carotenoids. The contents of sugars and organic acids in fruits were determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), and pH value of the juice were also evaluated. Total carotenoids and chlorophylls contents were measured using a spectrophotometer. The content of ethylene in fruits was determined by gas chromatography.  HPLC analysis of the juice allowed the detection of 3 sugars and 2 acids. Sucrose was the dominant sugar for all rootstocks. Total sugars ranged from 93.54 (mg/mL) (Flying dragon) to 111.54 (mg/mL) (Swingle citrumelo). Total acids changed from 9.50 (mg/mL) (Trifoliate orange) to 11.45(mg/mL) (Flying dragon). The ascorbic acid content varied from 0.20 (mg/mL) (Flying Dragon) to 0.32 (mg/mL) (Sour orange). The pH value ranged from 3.14 (Flying dragon) to 3.50 (Trifoliate orange), TSS content changed from 10.70 (%) (Flying dragon) to 11.10 (%) (Swingle citrumelo), TSS/TA varied from 11.75 (Flying dragon) to 13.45 (Trifoliate orange). The juice content ranged from 52.18 (%) (Flying Dragon) to 55.63 (%) (Sour orange). The amount of fruit production changed from 15 (Kg /tree) (Flying dragon) to 115 (Kg /tree) (Swingle citrumelo). Total carotenoids varied from 0.09 (Swingle citrumelo) to 0.15 (Sour orange and Flying dragon) (mg/gr DW). Among the four rootstocks evaluated, Swingle citrumelo demonstrated the maximum level of sugars and TSS. The study concluded that the rootstocks can affect sugars, acids, and, carotenoids contents of the fruits.

Keywords

References

Al-Jaleel A., M. Zekriand and Y. Hammam. 2005. 'Yield, fruit quality, and tree health of ‘Allen Eureka’ lemon on seven rootstocks in Saudi Arabia'. Scientia Horticulturae, 105(4):457–465.
Barry, G.H., W.S. Castle and F.S. Davies. 2004. 'Rootstocks and plant water relations affect sugar accumulation of citrus fruit via osmotic adjustment'. Journalofthe American Societyfor Horticultural Science,129(6): 881-889.
Bermejo, A. and A. Cano. 2012. 'Analysis of nutritional constituents in twenty citrus cultivars from the Mediterranean area at different stages of ripening'. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 3:(5) 639-650.
Cantuarias-Aviles T., F. A. A. M. Filho, E.S. Stuchi, S. R. Silva and E. Espinoza-Nunez.2010. 'Tree performance and fruit yield and quality of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin grafted on 12 rootstocks’. Scientia Horticulturae, 123 (3): 318 –322.
Castle, W. S. 1995, 'Rootstock as a fruit quality factor in citrus and deciduous tree crops'. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 23: 383-394.
Gonzatto, M.P., A.P. Kovaleski, E. C. Brugnara, R. L. Weiler, I. A. Sartori, J.G. Lima, R.J. Bender and S.F. Schwarz. 2011. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 46(4):406-411.
Gross, J. 2012. 'Pigments in vegetables: chlorophylls and carotenoids'. Springer Science & Business Media, New York.
Hutchings,J. B. 2011. 'Food color and aappearance'. Springer Science & Business Media, New York.
Karadeniz, F. 2004. 'Main organic acid distribution of authentic citrus juices in Turkey'. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 28: 267-271.
Kumar, D., B.P. Singh and P. Kumar. 2004. 'An overview of the factors affecting the sugar content of potatoes'. Ann. appl. Biol. 145:247-256.
Ladaniya, M. 2008. 'Citrus Fruit.' Annals of Applied Biology, Technology and Evaluation. Academic Press, San Diego, USA.
Legua, P., R. Bellver, J. Forner and M. A. Forner-Giner. 2011. 'Plant growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Lane Late’ navel orange on four citrus rootstocks'. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(1): 271-279.
Legua, P., J.B. Forner, F.C.A. Hernandez and M.A. Forner-Gine. 2014. 'Total phenolic, organic acids, sugars and antioxidant activity of mandarin (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.) variation from the rootstock'. Scientia Horticulturae,174: 60-64.
Maloney, V.J., J. I. Y. Park, F. Unda and S.D. Mansfield. 2015. 'Sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose phosphate phosphatase interact in planta and promote plant growth and biomass accumulation'. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66(14): 4383–4394.
Mashayekhi, K.,  H. Sadeghi,  V. Akbarpour, S.Atashi, S. J. Mousavizadeh, M. Abshaei, andZ. Nazari. 2013. 'Effect of some citrus rootstocks on the amount of biochemical composition of Parson Brown and Mars oranges in Jiroft'.  Journal of Horticultural Science, 27 (1):9-17.
Muhtaseb, J. and H. Ghnaim.  2006. 'Effect of four rootstocks on fruit quality of sweet orange c.v. 'Shamouti' under Jordan valley conditions'. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture.,18 (1): 33-39.
Navarro, J.M., J.G. Perez-Perez, P. Romero and P. Botla. 2010. 'Analysis of the changes in quality in mandarin fruit, produced by deficit irrigation treatments'.  Food Chemistry, 119(4):1591–1596.
 
Paliyath, G., D.P. Murr, A.K. Handa  and  S. Lurie. 2009. 'Postharvest biology and technology of fruits, vegetables, and flowers'. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Preedy, V.R, R.R. Watson and V.B. Pate. 2011. 'Fruit nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention'. Academic Press, London.
Rees, D., G. Farrell and J. Orchard. 2012.' Crop Post-harvest'. Science and Technology, Perishables, Vol 3, John Wiley & Sons, Uk.
Roa, A.R., A. Garcia-Luis, J.L.G. Barcena and C.M. Huguet. 2015. 'Effect of 2,4-D on fruit sugar accumulation and invertase activity in sweet orange cv. Salustiana'. Australian Journal of Crop Science,9(2):105-111.
Rostagno, M.A. and J.M. Prado. 2013. 'Natural product extraction'. principles and applications, Royal Society of Chemistry, London.
Salter, A., H. Wiseman and G. Tucker. 2012. ' Phytonutrients'. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Tomala, K., J. Andziak, K. Jeziorek and R. Dziuban. 2008. 'Influence of rootstock on the quality of 'Jonagold' apples at harvest and after storage'. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 16: 31-38.
Van-Wyk, A.A., M. Huysamera and G.H. Barry. 2009. 'Extended low-temperature shipping adversely affects the rind color of ‘Palmer Navel' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis(L.) Osb.] due to carotenoid degradation but can partially be mitigated by optimizing post-shipping holding temperature’. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 53(3): 109–116.
Varnam, A. and J.M. Sutherland. 2012. 'Beverages: technology, chemistry, and microbiology'. Springer Science & Business Media, New York.
Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology
Volume 10, Issue 1
Autumn 2019
Pages 2999-3008

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics